Specific genetic changes have been linked to an increased risk of having a child with a congenital disability or intellectual disability or developing conditions like cancer or heart disease. Genetics can also help us understand how medical needs arise.
People get (inherit) their chromosomes, which contain their genes, from their parents. Chromosomes come in pairs and humans have 46 chromosomes, in 23 pairs. Children randomly receive one pair of chromosomes from their mother and one of each pair from their father. The chromosomes that make up the 23rd pair are called sex chromosomes. They decide if a person was born male or female. A female has two X chromosomes, and a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Each daughter receives an X from her mother and an X from her father. Each son gets an X from his mother and a Y from his father.
Genetic disorders can occur for many reasons. It often describe in terms of the chromosome that contains the gene changed in people with the disease. If the gene is on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, called autosomes, the genetic disease call an autosomal disease. If the gene is on the X chromosome, the disease is said to be X-linked.
Genetic disorders are also grouped according to how they run in families. Disorders can be dominant or recessive, depending on how they cause conditions and how they run in families.
Dominant diseases can be caused by a single copy of a gene mutation in the DNA. If one parent has the disease, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene.
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